Computer
Generation is the classification of computers into different group according to
their manufacturing data, memory device, other hardware and software technology
used inside those computers.
Factors affecting by Generations:
F Reduction in size
F Reduction in power consumption
F Reduction in heat generation
F Reduce in cost
F Increase in Speed/Performance
F Increase in storage capacity
F Increase in operating time
F Increase in application
Generation of computer is a step in advancing technology. The generation of computer is classified in five groups.
1. First
generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes:
F Processing
element is vacuum tubes/valves
F Processing
speed is millisecond.
F Punch
card used in input device.
F It is
electro mechanical computer.
F Vacuum
tubes are used as memory.
F Punch
card is used as storage device.
F It is
not fully reliable and accurate.
F Machine
level programming language is used.
F It is
very large and expensive.
F It
consumed a lot of power and emitted a lot of heat.
F Example:
mark I, ENIAC, EDSAC, UNIVAC I, IBM model 604, 650, 701, 702 etc.
2. Second
generation (1956-1963) Transistor:
F Processing
element is transistor.
F Processing
speed is microsecond.
F Punch
card used in input device.
F It is
electro mechanical computer.
F Magnetic
care is used as memory.
F Magnetic
drum, magnetic tape is used as storage device.
F It is
reliable and accurate then first.
F Assembly
level programming language is used.
F It is
smaller in size & less expensive.
F Less
consumption & less emission then first.
F Example: UNIVAC 1107, IBM-1400series, IBM 1401,IBM-1600 series & IBM-7000 series, CDC-3600, Burroughs B5000, Haney well 800 etc.
3. Third
generation (1964-1971) Integrated Circuit:
F Processing
element is Integrated Circuit(IC).
F Processing
speed is nanosecond.
F Keyboard
used in input device.
F It is
electronic computer.
F Semiconductors
are used as memory.
F Magnetic
disk is used as storage device.
F Printer is used for Output
F It is
fully reliable and accurate.
F High
level programming language is used.
F Large Scale Integration (LSI) and Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) ware also developed.
F 10 million circuits per square foot.
F It
consumed less then second.
F Example:
UNIVAC 9000 series, IBM 360 series, ICL 190, Burroughs 6700, CDC 3300, 6600, 7600 etc.
4. Forth
generation (1971-Present) Microprocessor:
F Processing
element is microprocessor.
F Processing
speed is picoseconds.
F Keyboard,
mouse, scanner used in input device.
F Printer is used for Output
F Semiconductors
are used as memory.
F Magnetic
and optical is used as storage device.
F It is electronic computer.
F It is
fully reliable and accurate.
F High
level and 4th GL programming language is used.
F Billions of Circuits per cubic foot.
F Less
than previous generation.
F Example: IBM 1370, IBM System 3090, IBM 6000, HP-9000,AMD, Athelon, Pentium IV and so on.
5. Fifth generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial
Intelligence:
Up to the fourth generation we saw how computers evolved as the switching
devices improved. Fifth generation computers are future computers.
In 1982 Japan started a project named Fifth Generation Computer
Systems Project (FGCS) initiated to create a “fifth generation
computer” which was supposed to perform much calculation using massive parallel
processing. It is said that that the computer of this generation will use AI
and Bio-chips as memory device so that they can think and decide like human
being.
Feature:
F This will have power of sense, logic and decision making
capacity.
F They will be capable of fully parallel processing.
F Computer will use super conductor memory like Bio-chips
that the speed was very fast.
F The computer will be intelligent and knowledge base
because of AI.
F Natural language like English, Nepali, and Hindi etc will
be used for giving instruction and masking computer.
F They will be larger scale data processing on the basis of
knowledge processing.
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